buy custom Covenants essay

purchase custom Covenants exposition Presentation A pledge is an understanding or arrangement between two gatherings and it ties them to a guarantee to one another; this may either be contingent or unequivocal. There are 7 distinct contracts clarified in the book of scriptures; the Adamic, Noahic, Abrahamic, Davidic, Mosaic, Palestinian, and the New Covenant. These various contracts that are made in the Bible among God and his workers stay quarrelsome to certain researchers (Soulen, 1981). This paper presents a scholarly analysis with respect to every one of these agreements. Noahic Covenant This was a contract among God and Noah found in the book of Genesis 6: 18; it likewise reaches out to Genesis 9:11. The pledge included Noah and the floods where God needed to annihilate humankind for their wicked ways (Showers, 1973). The rainbow was the indication of this agreement which would imply that God would not annihilate man utilizing water once more; this would be seen by every progressive age. The arrangements in the agreement were one-sided in that Noah had no jobs in the pledge and God would complete his guarantees. It was everlasting, all inclusive and genuine. Harless, (2004) condemns this pledge in that it doesn't have a feeling of affirmation and that the main affirmed contract in these readings is the Adamic agreement. In deed he additionally expresses that since different agreements were from the theoretical contract of creation then this likewise stays speculative. Harless, (2004) considers it to be only a deal between the members since no commitment is set on No ah. Abrahamic Covenant The members were God, Abraham, his relatives and the Israelites. This is found in the book of Genesis 15: 18; 17: 4-8 and 19-21. The indication of the agreement was the circumcision of the individuals which would go about as Gods responsibility to his kin. There are three guarantees in this agreement where one was the individual contract with Abraham, national guarantees, and widespread guarantees. The guarantee of the place that is known for Canaan to the Israelites and that Abraham would be a dad of an extraordinary country (Showers, 1990). This guarantee was unequivocal and Abraham can be supposed to be a dad of a country; then again the place where there is Canaan and the whole Nile area despite everything stay quarrelsome in that there is despite everything war as of now (Harless, 2004). Davidic Covenant This coveant was made among God and David and is in the book of 2 Samuel 7: 8-19; this is viewed as an expansion of the Abrahamic contract since David was a relative of Abraham. He guaranteed David an incredible name and assurance from his foes; likewise, his name, realm and ancestry would keep going forever and could never be discarded (Kline, 2000). This remaining parts in conflict since the realm of David isn't flawless till now however this realm is accepted to be driven by Jesus Christ the guardian angel to the Christians. All things being equal, there are the individuals who don't accept and follow this religion (Ryrie, 2007). The New Covenant This pledge is at first uncovered in the book of Jeremiah 31: 31-34; it is accepted to be the augmentation of the Abrahamic contract which depended on gift. The members were God and the individuals of Israel who were the physical relatives of Abraham. The guarantees given were recovery, pardoning, the Holy Spirit, information and knowledge. This was unlimited as the individuals of Israel required not to effectively get the guarantees (Blaising, Bock, 2010). The sign is accepted to be the blood of Jesus which he did emblematically during the last dinner with his followers. It shows this cup is the New Covenant in my blood Luke 22:20. It is likewise unceasing as Christians keep taking communion and put stock in the pardoning of transgression, the Holy Spirit, another heart and recovery. Adamic agreement incorporates the condemnations which were articulated to mankind after Adam and Eve did against the desire of God. After Eve was deluded by the villain that comes to Adam in type of a Snake, when Adam and Eve trespassed against God they were advised to get out the Garden of Eden. The lady was reviled that she will consistently bear youngsters with torment while men will consistently work to get their nourishments yet when they were in the nursery they were being given food and beverages. Already God had Edenic pledge which they should be responsible for the nursery, all the creatures and natural products which were in the nursery separated from one tree which was as the focal point of the nursery which they were advised never to eat it. When they broke this pledge then God entered in to another contract with them which is Ademic agreement (Elon, R. (2005). I do condemn this contract since it was against the underlying will of the motivation behind why Adam and eve pr oduct set in the nursery. It appears as though God was enticing them as what was the explanation of being given authority of the various creatures and organic products in tthe garden and not exclusively to eat that one. It exposed them to allurement and its outcomes were extremely brutal. Palestinian Covenant was made between the Israelites and God directly before Moses kicked the bucket once they entered the Promised Land. At the point when the Israelites where in the wild was a direct result of the wrongdoings of the age which was from Egypt God Cursed them that none of them will enter to the guaranteed land and for a long time they were in the wild. God made this pledge at Moab when they were going to enter the Promised Land which was to serve the new age. God disclosed to them that in the event that they will comply with the Mosaic Law God will favor the country liberally yet on the off chance that they resist the law the country will be reviled. He further guaranteed them that he will accumulate the various Israelites who have scattered everywhere throughout the world and spot them at the contract land (Larondelle, 2005). I would condemn this contract since its much like the Mosaic Law which was given to Moses for the benefit of the Israelites which they didn't o bey at quick and they must be in the wild for a long time. God would have quite recently restored the past agreement and foreworn them on what their relatives looked because of unlawfulness. Mosaic agreement is a contingent pledge which realized Gods reviling on the off chance that they don't comply with the law or even endowments in the event that they adhere to the laws upon the country of Israel. The agreement is diverse different pledges because of its restrictive nature that it is reliant on how the Israelites will live on the off chance that they obey Gods contract they will be honored or they will rebuffed on the off chance that they resist them (Hillers, 1969). The fundamental motivation behind why the contract is huge this is a direct result of how God guarantee was bound to make Israel a sacred country and a realm of ministers. In spite of the fact that the religious community has the Gods future expectation to the Israelites such would not have been accomplished if at all they don't do as per the law. There are noted shortcomings on the cloisters which are credited by the religious philosophy frameworks. This is being set in three different ways first it requires the agreements to be contrasted and various sacred texts which underpins them or not. Counting the prescience which God did according to the tentative arrangements of the network being told, the subsequent analysis is corresponding to the Mosaic contract and the better religious community which was finished by Jesus in Hebrews 8:22 and 7:22 (The Holy Bible, 1999). The third issue is on how the New Testaments Church compares the Israelites. Purchase custom Covenants exposition

Ruling Many Sectors of the Urban Community

Question: Talk about theRuling Many Sectors of the Urban Community. Answer: Presentation Today, in the twenty first century, innovation appears to have started to lead the pack administering numerous segments of the urban network. Numerous business substances are utilizing the propelling innovation to supplant their current works and all the while, they change the connections between the business and the customers, the structure of the organization and the business forms. All the while, likewise the workplace space and in different cases the presence of these workplaces must be reexamined. There are sure focuses that can demonstrate the advancement of innovation with its connection to the effects experienced on the social and political qualities of the urban places as talked about by Peggy Keall. Peggy Keall Argued that: In the modules, it is apparent that Peggy needed to investigate the connections and the association between the presentation of innovation in the business elements in the urban spots and during the time spent urbanization. As per him, individuals are living in a universe of urban communities where the social, social, political and the monetary lives rotates around the urban territories. Further, he contends that it is significant for individuals to come out to learn and comprehend their reality so they can have a reasonable view on the impacts the spinning innovation has on the world and the manner in which the world is experiencing an advanced upheaval influencing people groups lives. He feels that the utilization of the web through the World Wide Web has prompted numerous adjustments in the correspondence frameworks through the urban areas. Likewise, thinking about the security and the insurance of character, Peggy infers that the utilization of the web because of the adjustments i n the innovation has acquainted the urban communities with a ton of dangers where violations can be submitted through the web as where individuals need to comprehend their present networks and discover approaches to ensure their locale. The Key Points in the Modules Among the key focuses in the modules by Peggy Keall incorporate; World wide web, Online people group and person to person communication, Changing nature of work, Flexible work alternatives, and Privacy and security of personality. The World Wide Web Keall recommends that the advancement of the web realizing the interface of the World Wide Web has come around with an assortment of changes all the more so in the financial frameworks where the vast majority of the parts associated with the procedure have been computerized. As I would like to think, the facts confirm that the web has gotten a ton of improvements the urban networks. The accomplished changes that have been experienced from the antiquated time and in the present day where innovation has progressed through the web are immense and well recognizable (Rosenfeld Morville, 2008). Through the World Wide Web that is going about as an interface between the web and the clients, there has been many progressed financial cases like in the financial part where the will be the utilization of the robotized bank machines where banking frameworks associate from remote set associated through the web. The expansion of innovation through the web has been believed to change from the antiqua ted aptitudes and apparatus to the current propelled complex frameworks that have utilized the web simple and intriguing (Wolfe, 2001). The web has been the mother of the greater part of the progressions that are being found in the present reality where PCs and other progressed advanced devices are the components administering the day. Online Communities and Social Networking The modules by Keall have bits of knowledge on how the correspondence in networks has changed through the upset of innovation. In a network, there is a need of collaboration and correspondence. The type of correspondence utilized in the earlier days were generally vis-à-vis and that has come to change with the impact of innovation and the web where individuals would now be able to have the option to impart on the web and through interpersonal organizations (Howard, 2010). The components in the correspondence that have been believed to have changes incorporate the degree, speed, strategy and the remark of the data (Funk, 2011). The present extent of data gives off an impression of being unique in relation to the past where individuals utilized tablets, Fargo and others like letters. Today, the extension utilized incorporates email correspondence, online journals, tweets and sites among an immense of them. The present degree is an immense impact to the to the interpersonal organizatio n of individuals where individuals cooperate today effectively, quick and efficiently as contrast with the antiquated correspondence before the innovation began to progress (Lazakidou, 2012). Changing Nature of Work In the modules, Peggy has referenced about the upheaval that is occurring in the mechanical area because of the propelling innovation. In as much as one might need to demonstrate the coordinations in the contention, it is very clear and open that the idea of work today has changed significantly affected by innovation. It is obvious in numerous segments like in agribusiness where the ranchers are presently not associated with the collecting of grains (Restivo, 2005). There are propelled machines that were grown explicitly to reap the grains from the homesteads taking up crafted by the ranchers. In many workplaces today, the PCs have digitized numerous offices decreasing the measure of labor that is required (Hammond, 2003). The work that should be possible by twelve of individuals would now be able to be taken up by a solitary PC that mechanizes the greater part of the works in the workplaces. Today, insurgency in the data and interchanges area has taken up that activity leaving the errand people either jobless or move to different callings. For data move, individuals presently utilize the email administrations from the web and the Skype and web cameras for live correspondences. There is likewise the utilization of cell phones where individuals from various divisions of associations can speak with one another away from the workplaces without relying upon the workplace landlines or the fax so to speak before (Bell, 2010). Adaptable Work Options Numerous organizations and organizations are today appreciating the versatile work alternatives as started by the presentation of innovation in their elements. It is however clear today that work has become adaptable thinking about that in numerous spots today, individuals can decide to convey their outstanding tasks at hand to their homes and complete their objective while at home (Stredwick Ellis, 2005). That is work away from office. Additionally, individuals will in general observe that they won't comply with their time constraints and in this way, they choose to telecommute during ends of the week and occasions and this can be considered piece of the adaptable long periods of work. There is likewise the situation of telecommunicating and teleworking where individuals can participate in network correspondence and mutual work from remote territories using Skype and webcams for correspondence and online office entries and friends sites for teleworking. In such cases, group building , dynamic and correspondence should be possible by numerous individuals simultaneously through the execution of data innovation in enterprises as a major aspect of the mechanical upset (Eddy, 2012). Security and Protection of Identity In as much as individuals may find that the innovation may have accompanied positive effects on the urban networks, there is an overarching issue of protection and character. There are individuals inclined to hacking into different people groups online records and sites (Smith Kutais, 2007). During the time spent associating through the web there are others whose primary plan is hacking into records and posting unusual data onto their records. Others adventure into hacking into banking frameworks and other online cash move benefits and diverting the installments into their own records (Claypoole Payton, 2012). This calls for observation of individuals interfacing through the web and there have been progress all the while and data and innovation specialists have been to the fore fronts to battle the deceptive demonstrations. In the work place innovation have been believed to have negative impacts to the laborers driving the businesses to track and screen their representatives PCs to h ave a records of what every single PC is taking part in consistently (Sullivan,. 2004). In his ability, the focuses featured in the modules are some intended to make the consciousness of the effects of the fast improvement in innovation in the mechanical urban networks. Additionally, focuses examined in this examination are believed to accompany both negative and positive bits of knowledge on the effects of innovation. One can too reason that Peggy was so committed to teach and make individuals mindful of the progressions that are occurring in their urban network comparable to the utilization of the web. In my view, these key focuses can be extremely useful to each individual particularly in the modern upheaval. Numerous organizations could utilize the data in the modules to know when and where to utilize the web and in what cases. I discover the modules significant not exclusively to the organizations yet to people who utilize the web and the individuals who discover delight in participating in the innovation administrations. People could know and survey their part to know when they may be in danger while utilizing the web (Khosrow-Pour, 2009). Numerous connections and the between connections can be spotted between the key focuses Peggy features in the modules. All the key focuses in the modules share a similar source and that is the web. Without the web, there would be no innovation changes in the urban networks and in the mechanical part. Requiring some serious energy with the modules, it is more clear the effects of innovation on the urban spots and urbanization (Spence, Annez, Buckley, 2009). Initial, one could understand the stuff to build up a superior urban network. The social and monetary limits could profit more from the quickly propelling innovation. In the social setting, individuals have had the option to arrange through the web making collaborations simpler. Monetarily, busi

So many problem sets

So many problem sets Now that term has geared up a bit, most classes have given some sort of homework, usually in the form of a problem set. I thought the prospectives on here might be curious to see what problems on problem sets are actually like, so Ive posted a few of the problems from my own problem sets (dont give me the answers! I havent solved all of these yet!). 9.22 has presentations and readings, not psets, so I didnt post anything from it. 6.004 has labs rather than problem sets, so I posted a problem from the first lab, which is due this week. 5.12 Organic Chemistry 3. Sphingosine, a component of sphingomyelin, is part of the cellular lipid bilayer. For sphingosine, a) draw in all of the hydrogen atoms. Label each sp3 carbon according to b) C-C connectivity and c) C-H connectivity (Y = methyl, E = methylene, I = methine). c) Label each amine, alcohol, and hydrogen by sp3 CC connectivity. 5. a) Draw Newman projects for the six energy maxima and minima for 2- methylhexane, sighting along the C2-C3 bond. b) Calculate the energy of each conformation. (Assume the same energy values for â€"Pr that you would for â€"Me.) c) Use these values to make a graph of potential energy versus dihedral angle. d) What is the barrier to rotation around the C2-C3 bond? 7.03 Genetics 4. This problem deals with the following pedigree [not pictured in this entry], which shows the inheritance of a very rare trait. (a) Assume that the inherited disorder is expressed with complete penetrance and that there are no new mutations. What mode(s) of inheritance is/are consistent with this pedigree? (Your choices are: X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant.) (b) For each consistent mode of inheritance, what are the probabilities that Individuals 1 and 2 will have: … an affected son? … an affected daughter? … an unaffected son? … an unaffected daughter? (c) Use Bayes theorem to calculate the probability that the next child of Individuals 1 and 2 will be affected with the disorder, given the new knowledge that the couple already has two healthy sons. Do this calculation for each mode of inheritance consistent with the pedigree. 9.29/ Intro to Computational Neuroscience 1. Mathematics of the integrate-and-fire neuron a) For a spherical neuron with a surface area of 0.03 mm2, a specific membrane capacitance of cm = 10 nF/mm2, a specific membrane resistance of rm = 1 M?-mm2, and a resting membrane potential EL = -70: i) What is the total membrane capacitance Cm? ii) What is the specific membrane conductance gm? What is the total membrane conductance Gm? What is the total membrane resistance Rm? iii) What is the membrane time constant tm? iv) How much external electrode current would be required to hold the neuron at a membrane potential of -60 mV? v) If this amount of current is turned on at time t = 0 and held at this value, how long will the neuron take to reach a membrane potential of -65 mV if the cell is initially at a voltage V = E_L? vi) Calculate the total charge required to polarize the neuron to the resting potential. Assume the predominant conductance is potassium and use [K]_in=140mM for the concentration of potassium in mammalian neurons. What fraction of the total number of K+ ions in the neuron is lost as the neuron is polarized? b) Show that V(t) = E_L + R_mI_e + (V(t_0) E_L R_mI_e)exp(-(t t_0)/T_m) where the constant t0 is any reference time, satisfies the equation T_m(dV/dt) = E_L V + R_m I_e when Ie is a constant. Also verify that when t = t_0, the left and right sides of the equation agree and that when t ? 8, V(t) ? V(8) = E_L + R_mI_e. Setting t_0 equal to the current time in a computer simulation and t equal to the next time step a time ?t later gives the one-time-step update rule we will use for simulating the integrate-and-fire neuron (and which we will use more generally for simulating any equation of the form of equation (0.2) above, e.g. in problem 3 for the spike rate adaptation conductance below if we substitute g_sra for V and set E_L=I_e=0): V ? E_L + R_mI_e + (V E_L R_mI_e)exp(-?t/T_m), where this shorthand notation means that, in the time step ?t, the voltage gets updated from its old value to the value on the right of the arrow, i.e. V(t-t_0) ? E_L + R_mI_e + (V(t) E_L R_mI_e)exp(-?t/T_m) 6.004 Computation Structures (C) To maximize noise margins we want to have the transition in the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the nand2 gate centered halfway between ground and the power supply voltage (3.3V). To determine the VTC for nand2, well perform a dc analysis to plot the gates output voltage as a function of the input voltage using the following additional netlist statements: * dc analysis to create VTC Xtest vin vin vout nand2 Vin vin 0 0v Vol vol 0 0.3v // make measurements easier! Voh voh 0 3v // see part (D) .dc Vin 0 3.3 .005 .plot vin vout voh vol Combine this netlist fragment with the one given at the start of this section and run the simulation. To center the VTC transition, keep the size of the nfet in the nand2 definition as SW=8 SL=1 and adjust the width of both pfets until the plots for vin and vout intersect at about 1.65 volts. Just try different integral widths (i.e, 9, 10, 11, ). Report the integral width that comes closest to having the curves intersect at 1.65V.

Ptsd And Diagnosis Of Ptsd - 1024 Words

When working with service members and assessing them for diagnosis, it is important to have an understanding of the diagnosis and the impact it has on the military population. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common mental health diagnosis veterans may develop after experiencing trauma. PTSD can occur after an individual has been through a traumatic event, such as combat exposure, terrorist attack, sexual or physical assault, or serious accidents. According to The Department of Veteran Affairs, â€Å"About 11-20 out of every 100 Veterans (or between 11-20%) who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) or Enduring Freedom (OEF) have PTSD in a given year† (2015). The distinguishing characteristics in assessment of PTSD and diagnosis of PTSD are the evaluation of all of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, the assessment of associated features and comorbid disorders, and the establishment of a differential diagnosis. It is important that assessments for PTSD ar e psychometrically sound and that it collects information from multiple sources, measures different trauma populations, settings, genders, ethnic groups, and cultures (Foa Yadin, 2011). The first step in the assessment and diagnosis of PTSD is to evaluate if the service member has been exposed to an extreme stressor that satisfies the DSM-V definition of trauma described in criterion A. The service member must have had direct exposure or witnessed death, been threatened death, serious injury, or sexualShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Ptsd1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This journal submission is a reflection on the July 14th (PTSD), 21st (Children Grief), and 28th (Children Grief cont.) class lectures and the videos, Alive Day, HBO (2006), Helping Children Grieve, Ford and D’Arcy, and will be the last in this series. PTSD This first lecture began with a comprehensive overview of PTSD. Some of the points highlighted included; everyone is at risk for PTSD and there is a very clear connection between grief and trauma. Grief can exist alone butRead MoreMilitary Disorder : The Diagnosis Of PTSD In Veterans1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe diagnosis of PTSD in veterans is different from that of a civilian diagnosed with the same condition. Civilians often experience an isolated traumatic event in their lives whereas veterans and active duty military members more frequently experience combat-related trauma while in a war zone or on the battlefield (Fragedakis Toriello, 2014). Many of these veterans and active duty military members keep silent about their symptoms for fear of consequences to their position or because of the stigmaRead MoreTrauma And Stressor Related Disorder984 Words   |  4 PagesIn the DSM-5, PTSD is listed under Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders. In order for a person to be diagn osed with PTSD, they must meet a number of criterion- the first one being exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. If the person does not meet this criterion, they are automatically exempt from being diagnosed with PTSD. This alone is incredibly restrictive, ignoring many groups of traumatized victims including those with psychiatric diagnosis, or those beingRead MoreThe Importance Of Measures And Procedure1446 Words   |  6 PagesHe/she then completed a Clinician-Administered PTSD Inventory for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), which took approximately a half hour. The participant then completed two surveys on readjustment and marriage (Perceived Marital Self-Efficacy Scale--English Version and Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory). Finally, each participant completed the Risk Assessment Suicidality Scale. Our study has an independent samples between subjects design. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5. The first portion of our studyRead MoreWhat ´s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is PTSD? Post-Traumatic Stress Di-sorder is a syndrome exp-erienced by many veter-ans, and is a priority of a plethora of psychological researchers. The Diag-nostic and Statistical Man-ual of Mental disorders lis-ts eight criterion for this widespread mental dis-ease, including a stressor, meddling symptoms, ev-asion, amendments in provocation and react-ivity, and a duration of symptoms for more than a month. PTSD is often characterized by disrupt-ions in sleep patterns, with the traumatic eventRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1004 Words   |  5 Pagescriteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM-IV. In the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The DSM-V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four distinct diagnostic clusters instead of three. They are described as re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re-experiencing is the spontaneous memories o f the traumatic event, recurrent dreams relatedRead MoreSocial Workers And The Social Worker Client Relationship1473 Words   |  6 PagesVeteran Affairs, PTSD Assessment. This website assists social workers by giving information on a variety of measures assessing trauma and PTSD in Veterans, such as assessment basics, training and tools, and veteran specific information (2015). This website provides facts about PTSD, as well as a practical guide to assessing PTSD. I would use this tool as a resource for working with a veteran with PTSD in order to assess for PTSD, or to gain more information regarding the veteran’s PTSD. This websiteRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1600 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, on the armed forces. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a medical condition that affects the physiology of the brain. It commonly affects those who have experienced or witnessed stressful events, such as war. PTSD was generall y referred to as â€Å"shell-shock† in the military, until an improved and more inclusive definition of the disease was discovered. Wartime environments contain a multitude of factors which are all potential causes of PTSD such as duress accreditedRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Trauma On The Human Psyche1657 Words   |  7 Pagesrecurring traumatic situations or experiences (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The impact and imprint of trauma on the human psyche can lead to a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in some adults and children (Barlow, 2014; Courtois Ford, 2013; Soloman Siegel, 2003; Yarhouse, Butman McRay, 2005). This paper will explore PTSD as it is understood within the field of psychology and neuroscience beginning with a brief look its historical development in the American Psychiatric

Tourism and the European Union Free Essay Example, 5000 words

The UN in 1975 approved the MAP or Mediterranean action plan, and about ten years later (1985), the same countries that participated in MAP (excluding Albania) also declared the Geneva Declaration proposes by Greenpeace as part of their campaign to Save the Mediterranean. In 1987, a plan was initiated by the European Investment Bank and the World Bank called the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean (EPM) to meet the institutional, financial and environmental requirements of the Mediterranean and also to prevent the total degradation of the Mediterranean coastal areas. The EPM has about a span of 5 years and is expected to have about $200 million in expenditures. An offshoot of the MAP is the Blue Plan, which started as a revision for the MAP, and is to be taken up by any member country who participated to the environmental development and rehabilitation of the Mediterranean up until the year 2025. It has 3 approaches: the promotion of strong cooperation between inter-Mediterr anean regions and better North-South harmony, second the proper consideration of any of the effects of any method to the development of the Mediterranean in any area and the further understanding and improve the relationship between affected regions (American University, n.d. ).We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism and the European Union or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Both parties must aim to have a sustainable relationship with the environment so that tourism will continue to benefit all. In the social aspect, tourists are encouraged to get along with the locals so that not only will they have stronger ties that will develop through them but also have a better economic relationship between them.

Psoriasis Treatment and Management Free Essays

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder of the skin, which means that the body’s defense system has turned on itself. This causes â€Å"angry red lesions to appear on the surface of the skin, multiply, and scale over with silvery patches† (1). Not only do they look hideous, but cause terrible itching and discomfort. We will write a custom essay sample on Psoriasis: Treatment and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"The word (psoriasis) comes from ancient Greece, and means ‘to itch'† (1). This disease can be present from birth or not show up until a person is well into their adult years. They can also be found anywhere on the body, from the scalp to the elbows. Psoriasis affects about two percent of the population. The severity can range from a few spots to massive outbreaks covering the whole body, requiring hospitalization. Although the disease is genetically inherited, â€Å"it has triggers which can cause the body to go from a very mild case to a severe case within days† (1). Strep throat and spicy foods are examples of triggers that increase the severity. â€Å"There are also other factors, such as sunlight, which help decrease the severity† (1). There are many types of psoriasis including, nail, scalp, plaque, pustular, guttate, inverse, erythrodermic, and psoriatic arthritis. Plaque psoriasis is the most common type. Along with these irritating physical side effects are the emotional factors. This disease can cause its’ victims to feel alienated from fellow coworkers and friends. People who have no experience with the disease tend to be distant towards those who do, because they think it is contagious. To compensate, sufferers often wear pants and long sleeves to cover their skin, even in summer heat, or avoid a social life altogether. There is no known cure for psoriasis, only the hope to control its’ severity. Each case of psoriasis is different, and may require a certain form of treatment or a combination of treatments to obtain relief. Most of those available now work to lessen the redness and itching, but tend to be pricey and time-consuming. Recently, scientists have developed a new method of treatment. The 308-nm excimer laser is a highly concentrated beam of UVB radiation. During the procedure a patient receives a certain, prescribed dosage of radiation on a large plaque of psoriasis. Unlike other methods of phototherapy, the laser only touches the effected area, leaving normal skin unharmed by unneeded radiation. In a study done in a university dermatology service, the following was reported: Thirteen consecutive patients with at least four large, stable psoriasis plaques were used. Excimer laser-generated 308-nm UV-B radiation was given to each of the four plaques, which received 1, 2, 4, and 20 treatments, respectively. Untreated areas within each plaque served as the control. With 308-nm UV-B radiation generated by an excimer laser, it is possible to clear psoriasis with as little as one treatment with moderately long remission (2). Carcinogenic levels, which measure the amount of cancer-causing radiation, were much lower in patients who use the laser technique, than in those who use total body UV-B radiation treatment. Unwanted side effects with the use of the 308-nm excimer laser include burning sensations and some blistering. The use of topical ointments with hydrocolloid dressings is a more traditional form of treatment. It involves applying a prescribed corticosteriod ointment, like calcipotriol, to a psoriasis plaque and then wrapping the area in a hydrocolloid dressing. In a study done by the Department of Dermatology in the Netherlands, it was reported that: After an average treatment of 3. 6 weeks, each lesion had cleared (apart from some residual erythema). The average remission period was 8 weeks. During this treatment, the number of cycling epidermal cells and the expression of keratin 14 and keratin16 had decreased substantially. It is speculated that a combination therapy of calcipotriol with treatments with a different mode of action, such as photo-therapy, might be worthwhile (3). However, some patients experienced discomfort in the normal skin surrounding the psoriatic patch with this method. Researchers also found that the psoriatic epidermal skin cells proliferated, or reproduced, at a much slower rate than normal, which means that the plaque formation would lessen and be controlled easier. Perhaps the oldest and most popular form of treatment for psoriasis on the market today is coal tar. â€Å"Exorex TM is a new over-the-counter preparation† which contains, â€Å"one percent coal tar† (1). This form doesn’t necessarily clear the effected areas, it relieves itching, redness, and scaling to a certain degree. It is probably the cheapest and easiest to use, and does not require a prescription to obtain. Most users have accepted the fact that they have this disease, and that there is no cure for it. Therefore, they use these ointments for personal physical relief, not to try and hide their psoriasis from others. There are few, trivial unwanted side effects of coal tar ointments. Susceptibility to sunburn, messiness, unpleasant odors, and staining of clothing and skin occur frequently. This active ingredient is not only found in ointments but medicated shampoos and bath solutions as well. Agranulocytosis is described as â€Å"a condition caused by a lack of or an insufficient number of white blood cells† (4). Scientists have found that in severe cases of psoriasis, drug-induced agranulocytosis actually helps to clear the affected areas. In a study done on a 45-year-old man by the International Journal of Dermatology, it found that: The patient was treated with intravenous granulocyte monocyte stimulating factor (GMSF). The GMSF was given on five consecutive days. On the sixth day, the psoriatic lesions cleared almost completely. There was 90% clearance of the lesions, with a PASI (Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index) being reduced (from 22) to 2. 2. The patient also had improvement in joint pain. In addition, the generalized lymphadenopathy detected at admission had reduced considerably (5). According to Dr. Kevin Patrick, lymphadenopathy is an inflammation of the lymph nodes, which filter organisms and bacteria out of the bloodstream (4). However astounding these results may be, scientists still claim that â€Å"drug-induced agranulocytosis is a complex phenomenon, it is difficult to comment on its exact role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis† (5). The most promising treatment for psoriasis is hard to prove, since each case is different, and not all treatments work for every victim. However, the 308-nm excimer laser technique seems to be the treatment with the best results. If a patient wants long-lasting clearance and does not mind sacrificing time and a large sum of money, the laser will work for them. However, for those who’s main concern is the physical side effects, such as itching, flaking, and redness, then coal tar ointments and similar products may be the choice for them. They are easy to obtain, most drugstores and supermarkets carry them, and fairly inexpensive compared to other treatments. For those who would like clearance of their plaques, but can not access the excimer laser therapy, calcipotriol ointment, and hydrocolloid dressings seem to hold the most promise for them. How to cite Psoriasis: Treatment and Management, Essay examples

Y2k (3038 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (3038 words) Essay Y2kWhat is Y2K and What Effect Did It Present On Modern Culture?Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1, 2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. Affecting companies worldwide, many pay millions upon millions of dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and 1900. One of the worlds most detrimental dilemmas, the year 2000 computer bug is an extensive and interesting problem that everyone must face. The definition and implications of the Year 2000 crisis are as unique as the steps taken by modern human culture to prevent them. Like all other tasks, computers process dates as numbers. To the outside world, date values can have numerous formats and meanings but to the internal workings of a computer, a date is just another set of numbers (Kendall 63). When expressing the year part of a date, using two digits such as 4/5/96, the possible values for this year part range between 00 and 99. Obviously, if the year part were expressed using four digits, the values could range between 0000 and 9999 (?The History and the Hype?). In real life, if one adds 1 to 99, the answer is 100. However, if one tells a computer to add 1 to 99 and also specifies that the result must be no more than two digits, the answer is 0 or 00. Now consider the effect of this numeric example on a date which expresses year values with two digits. If one takes the date 4/5/99 and tells the computer to add 1 to the year part, the result would look like 4/5/00 (Kendall 68). To most humans, this date will suggest that the year part represents the year 2000. But, to a computer (and this is basically the problem), because the numeric representation of the year is effectively zero, the year is interpreted as 1900. According to the logical thinking of a computer, adding 1 year to 1999 results in the year 1900 (Johnson Interview). We will write a custom essay on Y2k (3038 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The whole question is one of interpretation. Humans can usually distinguish the intended value of a two digit year because of the context of a date within its subject matter. For instance, if one writes I will graduate 6/1/01, most people will automatically assume that the year they hope to graduate in is 2001. If the person said the same thing to a computer, the chances are that the computer would interpret the same year as 1901 (Marcus 34). Basically, the definition of the Year 2000 problem is the ?inability of computer programs to correctly interpret the century? from a date which only has two year digits (Johnson Interview). On the face of it, the specification of the problem appears to be fairly simple, and so many may think so is the solution. After all, how much of a problem can two digits cause? As the reader will discover, those two digits will be the reason for the largest and most costly task ever undertaken by any industry, world wide. Almost all the time, the first question asked when somebody learns about the Year 2000 problem is, How was this allowed to happen? (Johnson Interview). To most people, the thought that so much damage could be done; by so many people over such a long period of time and completely undetected; is absolutely beyond belief (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). The fact of the matter is that the Year 2000 issue is there. Programmers are aware of this problem for years. Unfortunately for us, because of the I wont be around in 15 years, so it doesnt concern me attitude the programmers display, the problem goes unchecked (Johnson Interview). Its only because the likely implications of the Y2K crisis being almost on top of us and because companies now stand to lose large amounts of money that the issue is now finally receiving the attention it deserves (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). When examining the underlying reason for the cause of the problem, two culprits arise. The first, and certainly the most instrumental reason, is the issue of storage space in the 1960s ; 70s (Blair Interview). During this era, the cost of storing data was far from insignificant. In an effort to minimize storage costs, most projects will make a drive to cut down the amount of stored data required by an application (Johnson Interview). In this conservation, there is no stone left unturned. Draining numeric storage space to the smallest possible data type often occurs. Programmers cut character storage space, and before long, dates begin to feel the cut too (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). At the time when only needing the two-digit year part, it is uneconomical to store the full four digits of a year, including the century (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Programs are able to continue processing dates as normal without ever understanding the concept of a century, so why not take out the century part altogether and save all that storage space (Marcus 35)? So, instead of storing a date as 4/5/1968, programmers begin to store dates as 4/5/68 (?The History and the Hype?). Before long, the industry adopts storing dates with only two digits for the year, because of saving space (Kendall 89). No doubt, at the time, some people will raise doubts about the long-term effect of this solution, but they are probably told that their systems will not be in place for more than a few years (Blair Interview). In fact, its not uncommon for corporate companies to have 20-year old applications in place now, which are core components of their major systems (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Apart from the obvious problems with systems which are still around today, by adopting the two-digit year as an industry standard, the industry is laying the foundations for a future problem. Even as the cost of storage space became less of an overhead and there is no longer any need to store dates with two digit years, programmers continued to write applications which did so, partly out of habit and partly because of the need for new applications to share data in a common format with existing systems (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .postImageUrl , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:visited , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:active { border:0!important; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:active , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cave Art (394 words) EssayIn addition to the cost of storage, the second probable reason for using dates formatted with two digit years is the question of user acceptance (Kendall 92). In every day life, its usually quite rare to complete any kind of date using four digits for the year. Consider things like checks, application forms, passports etc. None of these require that the date contain a four-digit year (Blair Interview). So its only natural for users to expect the same level of freedom from computer software. In fact, in many departments it has become common place for new application designs to be rejected by users on the grounds that it is unreasonable to expect a user to enter dates with four digit years (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). From the users point of view, why should they be forced into entering a full four digit year when the software is perfectly capable of accepting and processing a short two digit year (Blair Interview)? Its only now that the consequences of processing two-digit years are really being thought through that the flaws in this argument are beginning to show (?The History and the Hype?). From the technical perspective, there are two effects that could happen to a rogue application in the Year 2000. The first sign that something may be wrong would be when the whole system crashes! In some cases, a computer program will simply not be able handle calculations using the number zero. Without going into too much technical jargon, from a programming point of view, this would be the equivalent of putting square pegs into round holes (Johnson Interview). In many ways, a complete melt down would probably be the better of the two Year 2000 consequences. This is because a system crash is possible. It is something that can be seen and hopefully corrected. Given a system failure, a maintenance programmer should be able to identify the problem and go about fixing it (Johnson Interview). The second possible consequence of the Year 2000 problem is far more difficult to locate. In this situation, the system will continue to work without falling over, this will give the impression that nothing is wrong. However, while the program is running, errors will fill the results of date calculations (Johnson Interview). This second scenario is far more dangerous than the first because errors will creep into the data long before anybody notices that something is wrong. If the system provides data to other systems or the data calculated by the system is used over and over again, the effects of miscalculated dates could be far reaching. Because there is no possible crash or system failure, it could be weeks before the errors are picked up, corrupting systems, sub-systems and all kinds of external data by that time (Johnson Interview). Lets look at few examples of how incorrectly calculated dates affect ordinary business systems: Suppose one function of an accounting system is to provide a list of all invoices which have been outstanding longer than a month for the purposes of the debt collection office. Brand new orders may be given an invoice date of 2/2/00. In this case, the accounting system would flag up these brand new invoices because they have been outstanding for over 100 years (Blair Interview)! This scenario is mild compared to some possibilities. Suppose a finance company lends money to Mrs. Jones. The loan was created on February 2, 1996 and is set to run for a period of 5 years. The finance companys system, therefore, calculates that the expiration date is February 2, 2001 and sets a flag to stop taking payments from her account after that date. The following day, the system calculates that the expiration date of 02/02/01 has passed and therefore decides not to take any money from Mrs. Jones account (Kendall, 67). There are countless possible disaster scenarios just waiting to happen to systems when the century changes, and in some cases, these problems will start to happen before the change of the century. The bottom line is, if your system calculates, processes or stores any type of date related data, it is definitely at risk from the Year 2000 issue (Blair Interview). Everything in our world, from phone companies to the grocery store, is computerized (?The History and the Hype?). If Y2K takes effect, problems accessing food, money, and getting in touch with family and friends will occur. Fixing the worldwide problem requires an estimated $600 Billion (US) and analyzing millions of code (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). This spares only a few systems from Y2K. Estimation suggests that there are 500 billion lines of application code worldwide, of which some 85 percent needing corrected (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). Various reports stated that by the turn of the millennium, as much as 50 percent of all businesses which failed to address the Year 2000 challenge will break down (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Managers become heavy-hearted thinking about their future as December 31, 1999 rolls in (Kendall 67). Knowing that there is going to be a disaster does not help much especially when there are few resources to handle the problem. Fearing the effects of the crisis, companies worldwide need an additional 200,000 COBOL programmers (?The History and the Hype?). Because the cause of the problem stems back some twenty or thirty years, the programming languages most affected by the Year 2000 problem are older languages such as COBOL. In fact, its probably fair to say that COBOL accounts for most of the worlds business applications (Blair Interview). Because the Year 2000 problem is so easily identifiable with COBOL and because there are new languages, many people are under the impression that any system written using the new programming languages is completely Year 2000 ready (Gates 72). In reality, nothing could be further from the truth (?The History and the Hype?). .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .postImageUrl , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:visited , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:active { border:0!important; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:active , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Revenge EssayVisual Basic includes various date handling functions and procedures which are totally unaware of the Year 2000. In fact, because of the implication that these functions will work into the Year 2000, and because of over confidence in the language, applications built using Visual Basic are probably more likely to cause problems than many other languages (Gates 72). Microsoft has taken steps to correct these problems by introducing fixes to these date functions in each of the major new releases. Visual Basic 5.0 introduces an industry accepted technique known as windowing. This technique makes assumptions about the intended century of a two-digit year. However, the window is a fixed window that only interprets dates up until 2030, which flaws the solution. For instance, given the date 01/01/32, Visual Basic will assume that the intended year is 1932 (Gates 72-73). The role that dates play in a business is critical to whether or not the problem will exist. Going to the problem of electrical companies, date-coding plays only a minor part in the production of electricity, but it plays a major part in the metering of electricity usage (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). The Senate concluded that local power blackouts will be likely, but national power breakdown is not. If they do happen it will only be for about a week, but in major metropolitan areas they shouldnt be more than 48 hours. (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). The government is working laboriously to get prepared for the new millennium, but are they ready? One of the lagging branches is Social Security which keeps track of everyone in the country (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Next is the military, nuclear reactors, and air transport systems. The Department of Defense reported that only 72 percent of its ?mission-critical systems? are ready (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). Also, what about the nations linked up to us? Being so far behind, they jeopardize the rest of us. Another lagging industry is hospitals and health care. Health care is one of the worst-prepared for Y2K and carries a significant potential for harm. For patient treatment, insurance claims, and pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution, the industry relies on computers (?The History and the Hype?). Fearful organizations are not the only ones suffering the millennium bug. Anyone, even a personal computer user, can be. Surfing the net would prove that the Y2Ks awareness level is growing with more sites dedicated to this problem (Blair Interview). ?Pessimists? say that we will fall into global recession and have another ?depression? as in the 30s era. Stock markets might fall because of companies that are not exactly ready for Y2K. ATMs and banks may not be able to transact money because of this. Grocery stores relying on computers to deliver goods, take inventory, and even scan pricing will go down. There will be riots, looting, and world wide power outages. Home appliances will go crazy and telephones will be unusable. Planes and trains will collide into each other, gas pumps wont work, or the cars computer will malfunction so we cant go anywhere. They think that it is the end for civilization as we know it. Could they be right? Could we be going back to the Stone Age (?The Mill ennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?)? There is no magic solution, silver bullet or quick fix to the Year 2000 problem (Johnson Interview). ?Yes, its true that we can put a man on the moon, or speak to people on the other side of the planet. If we want, we can even blow the world up a thousand times over. However, we cant fix the Year 2000 problem with one swoop of a magic wand (Blair Interview).? Because of the complexity and number of different business applications, platforms, languages, technologies, programming styles and business scenarios, it is impossible to come up with a one-time, fix all solution. Instead, the problem needs to be addressed by each company individually (?The History and the Hype?). Unfortunately, the only way of being 100% certain that a given application will function as expected into and beyond the next century is to physically address every single line of code and thoroughly test each function in the given application. Regardless of the size and complexity of an application, it only takes one single line of programming code to bring a system to its knees (?The History and the Hype?)!Ignoring the Year 2000 computer crisis?one of the most serious and potentially devastating events this world has ever encountered? was of no use. Postponing it was out of the question. It set a date for us. A considerable number of people believed the end of the world was near, implicating that we would be back to stones and sticks. Be prepared for the worst and hope for the best is one way to describe the Year 2000 crisis. Even though we didnt know what exactly would happen when the double zeros struck, Y2K will definitely be a milestone in history. Works CitedBlair, Gary. Interview. 16 Mar. 2000. Gates, William H. Business @ The Speed of Thought: Using a Digital Nervous System. New York, NY: Time Warner, 1999. ?The History and the Hype.? 5 Oct. 1996: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 10 March 2000. Available WWW: http://www.time.com/Johnson, Warren. Phone interview. 14 Feb. 2000. Kendall, Julie E., and Kenneth E. Kendall. Systems Analysis and Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. Marcus, David L. ?E-Mail Nation.? U. S. News World Report 22 Mar. 1999: 54-62. ?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit.? 12 Sept. 1996: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 8 February 2000. Available WWW: http://www.firstgalexy.com/2000cure/fix.htm?Y2K: So Many Bugs? So Little Time? 14 Dec. 1998: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 10 February 2000. Available WWW: http://www.scientificamerican.com/Computers and Internet

buy custom Healthcare Programs essay

buy custom Healthcare Programs essay Access to affordable healthcare has been a challenge for many factoring in poor and uninsured society. Affordable healthcare for everyone is a social and financial challenge for both the private and the government sector. Conventional healthcare system requires patients to pay for their medical treatment through monthly insurance which is beyond the reach of the poor and the uninsured. The rising cost of healthcare poses to be a socioeconomic challenge. The Medicaid program makes intervention to counter the ever rising healthcare costs through systematic planning and evaluation. It has made an expansion on the insurance pool for the ones without medical insurance. Provisions for community-based programs were pursued to see improvement access to affordable healthcare. The numbers of low income earners have increased tremendously since the depression of the year 2007; this has seen a stretch in healthcare program. The expansion was taken into consideration, when Medicaids income tests and asset tests of the low income earners have been conducted. The federal government of Michigan has made sure tat the healthcare is accessible to all. There is a substantial number of health care programs that are available to children, families and adults, in Michigan. Application of the program may differ basing on the program and applicant's citizenship situation (some non-citizens can have their services limited to the coverage of only emergency services). The Michigan Department of Human Services (MDHS) determines persons eligibility for certain health care programs which are managed by the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH). Before the introduction of the Medicaid program for the poor and the uninsured, many people were left out to work hard for their healthcare treatment. However, was difficult to come by and mostly inaccessible to the community. For example, Healthy kid is a Medicaid health program for low income children under the age of 19 and pregnant women. Healthy kids have an income tests but no monthly premiums. Most of the children are enrolled to the Healthy kid Medicaid program and enjoy comprehensive package of health benefits among them; visual, dental and mental health. The Medicaid program in Michigan serves about 13 % of the total population, which translates to about 1.1 million eligible recipients being covered by the program. The eighth highest state totals in the U.S. The program also meets the federal requirement of covering Aid to Families with Dependant Children (AFDC). Aid to Families with Dependent Children is under supplementary security Income; families with medical expenses that depress their income and assets below certain level. The program intervention has also benefited adults from low income community or segments. However the adults must be subjected to income and asset test to determine their eligibility for the program; this was established as of 1st May 2006. With beneficiaries receiving a comprehensive package benefits for dental, visuals and mental health, has adversely impacted the health needs of the low income earner. Medicaid is also available to the aged, blind and the disable persons of the community. It is a multifaceted program. The evaluation of the program can be deducing its vibrant transformation on the socioeconomics aspect to the state of Michigan. Buy custom Healthcare Programs essay

How to Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only Views

How to Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only Views Keeping the right people in the know AND still maintain control over your marketing calendar can be a real challenge. We hear you! That is why we want to tell you all about our new Read-Only View from ! Read-Only View allow you to create custom views of your calendar and give your team or clients only the details they need. Additionally, this new feature eliminates any need to pay for additional users or worry about  accidental deletions or changes in your calendar. Watch the demo below to learn how Read-Only View works! Watch this: How To Easily Share Your Marketing Calendar With Read-Only View In this demo, learn how to: Keep higher-ups â€Å"in the know† sans static screenshots (or other weird workarounds). With Read-Only View, you can create custom views of your calendar that are interactive, update in real-time, AND give your team the details they need (nothing more, nothing less). And eliminate unwanted edits to your projects!  When you share a Read-Only View with someone outside your calendar, they can only look at your projects †¦no edits, finger flubs, accidental deletions, or moving around your carefully planned marketing campaigns allowed. Want more information? Check out our Help Doc on  Share Read-Only Views.

Introduction to business for the creative industries Essay

Introduction to business for the creative industries - Essay Example anding its operations across several parts of the world included North America, India, Eastern and Western Europe and China thereby making it the forth biggest footwear manufacturer and retailer in the world(Clarks, 2014, p.1). Founded in 1825, the renowned British, international shoe manufacturer and retailer has sustained its growth over the years through its great brand marketing campaigns, more fashion focused products and management support to become the worlds largest footwear brand (Sutton, 2009, p.45). The history of the Clarks shoes business dates back to the 1820s when a British Tannery worker known as Cyrus Clark entered into a partnership with his Quaker cousin to begin a sheep skin rug business. Cyrus Clark was soon joined by his brother James who began making slippers from the sheepskin left over. The slippers were a great success. By 1833, James had been taken on as a full business partner and the business was renamed C & J Clark. In 1960s, Clarks also began building a reputation for its children shoe products not only in the United Kingdom but also in other parts of the world (Palmer, 2013, p.54). Currently, the company has established nearly 1000 branded stores selling more than 50 million pairs of shoes annually in over 35 countries across the globe. Despite experiencing difficulties during the middle of the 19th century, the company has managed to regain its growth and has expanded over the years by adopting techniques of mass production as well as enhancing its brand marketing campaigns to become a global giant shoe fashion designer and retailer. This paper presents an illustrated critique of the success of Clarks Footwear Fashion Business with particular focus to its marketing and brand positioning strategies. Throughout its 200 years of existence, the Clarks has always enjoyed an impressive market success and sustained growth in nearly all its product segments (Sutton, 2009, p.78). According to experts, the Clarks current market success is

Austens Growing Feminism in Emma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Austens Growing Feminism in Emma - Essay Example Rarely was it possible to attain both and often it was found, too late, that it was possible to attain neither. Even in the very early 1800s, though, many of these ideas were beginning to surface in the literature produced. Writers such as Jane Austen emerged as proto-feminists, planting the seeds of a new day while still remaining ‘acceptable’ to the old. This careful blending of feminist ideals with traditional behaviors can be found in such novels as Emma, in which critics have found support both for the traditional role of women as well as encouragement for a new way of thinking about women. Women’s lives were often strictly contained within rigidly defined terms. Women who formed the upper class enjoyed ample time for leisure activities in their lifestyles and once a woman married, her role was to simply to manage the home and the household. Though the life of the upper class woman might seem easier and more secure than that of a lower class woman, this was not always the case. Land, titles, and money were inherited by the closest male relative – typically the older son, but if there was no older son then it would go to a more distant relation. Only the small amount of money set aside as a woman’s marriage dowry went to an unmarried woman after the death of her father. In addition, many women were married nominally against their will in arranged marriages, by the Victorian age positioning the woman herself as commodity (Levine-Clark, 1991). As a result, many mothers and daughters were left extremely poor after the death of their husband and fathers. At the same time, the activities they were permitted to take part in remained relatively sedate and home-bound.

A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay

A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay According to this model any business has 4 stages during its life cycle. These stages are: Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. In the introduction phase a company just starts offering its new product or services in the market. At this stage the company might the only one in the market or its services or products might be completely new. In the stage of growth the company has to make huge investments for the marketing and research and development of the product so that the product can grow competitive in the market. The stage of maturity the curve of the industry life cycle becomes flatter and the rate of growth slows down. There are very few firms in this stage where the business giant has a little competition from the new comers in the industry. At last the decline phase of the life cycle is nearly inevitable if there are no regular improvements are done in the product or service. In this phase the sales decline at a very pace. Every company, industry or business goes throu gh all these stages in their life cycle but there are very few companies which have seen the maturity phase. Air Arabia is one of those companies of the UAE which is in the stage of maturity. The company is considered to be in the stage of maturity as it fulfils all the requirements to be in the stage. Air Arabia is the largest aviation company that offers the lowest flying cost. The strategy of cost minimizing and branding by increasing the number of flights is to gain sustainable competitive advantage in the industry and competitive edge over the new entrant competitors. Being in the phase of maturity of the industry life cycle the company Air Arabia must stick to its low cost carrier services and focused on the current business model. Air Arabia has captured most of the business hubs of the Middle East and North Africa region which has a potential developing market and prospective growth for the aviation industry and LCCs. The business strategy of the company should not be only s triving for cutting down the operational cost to provide low price carrier but to provide service which is more scheduled, convenient, more destinations it covers, and performs in time. Analysis of the Air Arabia based on Michael Porters five Competitive Forces: Threat of New Entrants The entry of new company in the industry influences the competition scenario in the industry. The aviation industry has a high potential of profits so it may attract competitors in the market. These new entrants might be threat for the Air Arabia aviation company which is the leader in the LCCs. These threats might be in terms of better services, lower cost of product and services. Air Arabia is a well established, profitable and most successful company in the industry so it would be difficult for the new entry to sustain in the market. The barrier of entry in the industry is also very high because of the huge cost of establishing the business. The business needs millions of millions dollars to be invested to establish a company. The cost of an aircraft is around $ 2 billions and to compete with the Air Arabia the competitors has to run the airline at low cost and offering better customer services. Air Arabia has a brand name and customer loyalty in the business which gives it compet itive advantage over the new entrants in the industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Every industry and business needs raw material to manufacture their final product or service and this raw material is made available by the suppliers. These suppliers can influence the profit involved in the industry by varying the cost or quality of the raw material. Thus the relations with between the manufacturer and suppliers become important for the industry. The airline industry has very specific suppliers for the business. One is the aircraft manufacturing companies like Boeing and Airbus and fuel suppliers. Because of scarcity of the suppliers of aircrafts and limited production of units the suppliers can control the prices and bargaining power will be higher with them. The fuel suppliers also control the cost of the tickets of airlines. This force is a threat for the Air India as the suppliers has more power then the company. Bargaining Power of Buyers This force is stronger in the airline industry in the Middle East and North Africa region. The buyers have higher power of bargaining for low cost, and better services. The situation is because of the large number of options available to the passengers and the number of passengers travelling in the LCCs is very high which will affect the business on a very large scale. Because of the availability of several options of low cost airlines and the facility of internet booking of air tickets the customers have many flexible options available. So to weaken this force of buyers the company ha to maintain the quality of services and the cost of the services should be kept minimum in the industry. Otherwise this force will also act as a threat for the company. Threat of a Substitute Products or Services Substitutes for the airline industry are trains or driving cars but availability and feasibility of these substitutes varies from region to region. Cars and trains might be substitute for the regional and local flights but they cannot replace international low cost flights. So the power of this force also differs in regions like in Europe where travelling with trains is easier and cheaper the threat will be higher but in UAE where the train facility is not good and because of the hot and dry climate travelling with cars is also not possible flights are the best option as it is more convenient and time saving. So the power of force will be weak there and opportunities of business will be higher. Rivalry among existing firms In the aviation the competition level is very high between various airline companies. In the Middle East and North Africa region there are many international airlines in the industry. All these companies are attracting customers by providing best customer services, best aircrafts and lowest price in the industry. But the Air Arabia has been established in the region for the past many years and holding the position of leader in the LCC airlines. Business-Level Strategy The differentiation strategy requires the development and improvement in the quality of product or services. These products are offered to customers with better and unique characteristics which are completely different and advanced from the competitors. The uniqueness in the services will add a value to them and this value may be charged as a premium price of the service by the company. Air Arabia has been the leader f the LCCs for the past three years. Now the company can use is brand value to cover up the extra cost of the exclusive services by the customers. The unique attributes of the services provided by Air Arabia will be able to charge some extra dollars from the customers if the suppliers increase the cost of their products. The current business strategy of Air Arabia is cost focused; it provides services at the minimum cost possible in the industry and is leading the LCC industry for the past 3 years. The company should now add some value to its services. These value added services may be better customer service, rapid innovation and advanced technology. But if the company will practice this new business strategy along with its brand image then the threats and weaknesses can be overcome. To be successful with the differentiation strategy of business an organization might have certain strengths: Use of best and advanced scientific and technological concepts. Expert and competent work force for developing value added products or services. Sales team should be skilled enough to spread the advanced features and usability of the product. Brand image and reputation to improve quality and advancements. Value in the service and product can be created by implementing following steps in the business: Lowering Buyers Costs Improved quality will minimize the chances of problems in the services and thus the cost of buyer will also get reduced. Raising Buyers Performance The main objective of increasing the quality of services is to entertain the customers with better services and let them enjoy the service. Sustainability The uniqueness and reputation of the products will create barriers and high switching cost. Risks of Using a Differentiation Strategy Risks involved in using differentiation strategy in the airline industry are high. Competitors of Air Arabia can start imitating its business model or tastes and requirements of customers might change very frequently which might loose the value the service so the service will need changes accordingly. Functional-Level Strategies Internal analysis Business Model Mission, Vision, Values, and Goal Air Arabia is the leading firm in the field of low cost carriers with the mission of revolutionizing the air travel in the Middle East and North African region. The approach of the company will be novel and innovative which will offer services satisfying to the full value of money of customers. To achieve the mission of the company it will use low fare operations to grow the profitability of the organization. The teams of the Air Arabia will be highly motivated for customer satisfaction which will showcase the highest standards of operations and will manage the operational cost of the company. The vision of Air Arabia is To be one of the worlds leading Budget Airlines with respect to: Profitability and Margin Innovation Reputation Operational Excellence Air Arabia shows its loyalty to its passengers by offering them the minimum rates and best combination of rates and services which will attract them to travel with Air Arabia more frequently. The organization commits to its shareholders the highest and most secure return on their money. The company with its value Pay Less, Fly More offers safe, reliable and comfortable air travel throughout its network more often. The company always looks forward to meet the requirements and expectations of its valued customers by offering various value added services and offers. The company always invites the suggestions and feedbacks from the customers in order to improve its services and offerings. The journey with Air Arabia should be a wonderful experience is the main point of dedication of the company. Conclusion The Air Arabia must adopt generic business strategy of differentiation in addition to its current cost focused strategy. This mix of business strategies will gain competitive advantage over its competitors to the company. The better quality of services will make it the best company in the airline business. Air Arabias AcelAero was the multifunctional reservation system. It has offered and software solution enterprise: airline for better operational services. The company offers flights to more than 65 destinations around the world. Air Arabia understands the value of money of the customers and provides services that are compatible to the price customers have paid. All these are the uniqueness and advantages of the company in comparison to other airlines. Air Arabia will gain competitive advantages by focusing on other market segments. Like providing cargo services to Aramex, partnering with Dubai bank and Dubai Islamic Bank for the online payment facility, offering various gifts and v ouchers on the annual celebrations of the company. All these steps of the company are aimed to improve the brand name and corporate image of the company, regionally or internationally. These value added services of the company will help in increasing the number of customers and number of repeat customers who were once satisfied with the services of Air Arabia. The Air Arabia airlines company is in the maturity stage of the business life cycle so it will have to face strong competition with the competing airlines companies. To gain competitive edge over its competitors each company will be using offensive business strategies rather than defensive one to remain competitive in the market. The research and analysis of internal and external factors affecting the position of company in the airlines industry proposes following recommendations: The cost of operations of Air Arabia is increasing because of increasing fuel prices and giant investments in aircrafts and its services. The company must minimize the operational costs by improving operations in the business, particularly improvement in maintenance process, aircraft utilization, and effective scheduling of flights. Labor cost can also be reduced by using technology in various distribution processes. Although Air Arabia has threats of the high class airlines which provides high level of services to the passengers, the company is a leader in the low cost airlines. So cost of tickets can be increased up to a certain extent in order to improve the quality of services and add some value to those services. Air Arabia can remain competitive in the market because it is the leader of the LCCs and charges of other high class airlines are too much for a normal non business class customer. By extending the roots of the business in such a manner the company can grow its market s hare in the business class customers too. Air Arabia has routes in more than65 destination all over the world but as the UAE is a main attraction of global tourism so the routes of the airlines should be increased. The company should join some global alliances in order to widen the range of price and service offered by the airlines.

Is the Destruction of the Amazon Rainforest a price Worth Paying for Brazil’s Economic development?

The tropical rainforest is undoubtly one of the most fascinating biomes located around the world. These ecosystems are located over eighty five countries near the equator and one of the most prominent rainforest is known the Amazonia. The Amazon Rainforest not only situated over many countries including Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana but it is also known to be home of over 50% of the Earth's species and approximately one third of the world's tree grows in Amazonia. The rainforest has been estimated to cover seven million square kilometres and at least forty thousand plant species have been classified, which makes the Amazon rainforest a resourceful bio diverse ecosystem. This biodiversity and large land has attracted potential companies, especially from Brazil to take advantage of the Amazon Rainforest. Although Brazil is one of the world's fastest developing countries and the richest country in South America, it is still considered as a middle income ‘LEDC' [Less Economically Developed Country] and its rapid population growth has increased the demand for natural resources. Brazil has remains to solve these problems by the deforestation of the precious Amazon Rainforest. Deforestation can be defined as the removal of the forest stands for human activities, such as agriculture and unfortunately, already 25% of the Amazon Rainforest has been cleared in 40 years and 40 hectares is being cleared per minute. At this rate, the Amazonia will be gone in 30 years! Is the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest a price worth paying for? The Amazonia is famous for being the largest and more diverse ecosystem on Earth. Almost everyday, there are new species being discovered and the rainforest is the habitat to some of the most essential plants to the medical world, for example, the rosy periwinkle which is known to provide drugs to help cure leukaemia. The diverse ecosystem is caused indirectly by the location of the rainforest. The centre of the Amazon Rainforest is located near and on the equatorial line. This means that the Amazonia receives concentrated amount of sun rays, making the rainforest very hot. The equatorial location means that the temperature of the climate is very high and constant with twelve hours of sunshine. Usually, the morning temperature can reach up to 32iC and in the evening, it rarely goes below 22iC. The high concentration of the sun rays absorbed by the Earth also encourages conventional rainfall daily. This is when the land gets real hot, that the warm air around it gets enough energy to rise. As the warm air rises, it gets cooled by the atmosphere because it is much colder the higher you travel. The cooled air then condenses into clouds and later heavy rainfalls. Due to daily conventional rainfalls, the Amazon rainforest is a wet, humid area as well as being hot. The Amazon rainforest has two seasons: the dry season between June to December and wet season from January to May, when May can have a rainfall of around 259 mm. The abiotic factors, the non living features of earth like the sun, cause the Amazon Rainforest to have a very warm and humid climate, also known as a tropical climate. The biotic factors, the living factors of an ecosystem like plants, are just as important as the climate in maintaining the tropical rainforest. The diagrams on the next page show how vital plant life is to support the other plants in the ecosystem. After a plant dies or leaves fall to the forest floor, decomposers in the soil break down the dead matter into humus. Humus is important to forest land chemically and physically. Humus can increase the amount of moisture a soil holds and can help the soil have a better structure. Humus also acts as a catalyst because it has actives sites that help produce nutrients. The more nutrients a soil has, the better a plant would be able to grow and survive. This also shows why deforestation endangers the ecosystem. The second cycle illustrates shows that when trees are cleared away, causing less leaves and dead organisms to decay onto the soil, less humus is produced. This cause there to be fewer nutrients because more was taken away from the plant than returned back to the soil as the tree was removed. Fewer nutrients means that the soil is less fertile than originally, so new plants grow with a weaker quality and less chance of surviving. This encourages soil erosion because there no trees to protect the soil from being moved away. Brazil has the eighth largest economy in world and is the wealthiest in its continent. Unfortunately, the country can only be considered as a NIC [newly developed country] or LEDC and is still located under the Brandt line. The Brandt line is a ‘socio-economic' line that divides the more economically developed countries, the north, from the less economically developed countries, the south. This is understandable because the social and economics indicators are considerably low, especially compared to the UK. Economic Social Country GNP Per Capita ($) Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Increase Life Expectancy Population Per Doctor Brazil 3 640 22 7 15 68 1 000 UK 18 700 12 11 1 77 300 Figure 2: This table shows the measure of development in the year 2000. Figure 2 expands on Brazil and UK's indicators of development. It shows that in the year 2000 that the natural increase of the population of Brazil, which the government has to support the demands of, was fifteen times larger than the UK. The NIC also has quite a low life expectancy and the people in England are likely to live approximately 9 years longer than Brazilians. This may be due to the fact that Brazil's education system is quite low for an NIC; its adult literacy rate is 84%, compared to the UK's 99%. This means that there are fewer professional workers such as doctors and engineers, which causes of there being only one doctor per thousand people. The chart also shows the Gross Nation Product [GNP] per Capita [per person]. The value of GNP per Capita can be described as the total value of services and goods produced by a country in a year divided by the residents of the country. The GNP includes the residents of the country living abroad and excludes non-residents of a country. Another common measure of economical wealth is the Gross National Product [per capita], which can be defined as the total value of services and goods produced divided the people in the country that year. The GNP and GDP are similar, the only difference they have is who they think the ‘capita' is, which means that the value of GNP and GDP are very similar. Figure 2 shows that the GNP is significantly low as it is nearly five times smaller than the value of UK's GNP. However, Brazil has shown a rapid increase of GNP and GDP. In the year 2006, Brazil's GDP per capita was $8,800, and then it increased by $900 to $9,700. This is evidence that Brazil's economy is growing. The United Nation uses the Human Development Index [HDI] to measure development. It was created in 1990, but was initially used three years later, because it combines social and wealth indicators to produce a more insightful measure of development. The HDI looks at the three factors of human progress: ==> A long healthy life [measured by life expectancy] => Education and Knowledge [measured by adult literacy and years spent in school] ==> Standard of living [measured by GDP per capita] Each of the three factors are given a ‘score' from 0. 000 [worst] to 1. 000 [best], which can be worked out through calculations according to each factor, then the average of the three scores gives the country its HDI. The countries can be also ranked according to their HDI. Figure 3 shows that there has been, although small, change in Brazil's HDI. In the data published in 2005, Brazil was ranked 63rd with a HDI of 0. 92 and then in the data published in 2007, it was awarded with a HDI of 0. 800 even though it moved down 7 ranks. A HDI value is just about considered as ‘high' and it shows that Brazil has reasonable standard of living. The data also shows that Brazil is in competition for other countries for better human development because it is going down in ranks although it is becoming more industrialised. Brazil must continue developing both socially and economically to be considered as an average MEDC. Brazil's rapid advancement is all due to trade. In 2006, Brazil had import value was $91. 4 billion while it had exported $137. 8 billion worth of goods. The country had gained approximately 150. 8% of its import and means that Brazil experiences trade surpluses, which is when the money from exports is greater than money from imports. The government can spend the extra money on education, medical health care and building the citizens of Brazil. Brazil has plantations that produce vegetation that are able to grow in tropical climates. These exported crops include soy beans, coffee, cocoa and sugar cane. The industries of Brazil have grown noticeably well and 74% of Brazil's goods are [semi] manufactured such as transport equipment, footwear, coffee, autos. There are also quite a few cattle ranches in Brazil which provide beef in MEDC, especially USA. Figure 4 shows that 23% of all occupations are primary jobs, work that deals with collection or producing natural resource from the earth, 24% are secondary activities, work to do with manufacturing and 53% have tertiary jobs that deal with providing services. Approximately one quarter of Brazilians have primary sector careers because they do not require a lot of skills, so majority of the population can do it, and Brazil has excellent resources for land and wood. However, a majority of jobs are in the tertiary sector because Brazil has a rising population, so there must be enough services to satisfy the demanding population, and Brazil is a popular tourist spot, so some jobs are created by tourism such as tour guides. One third of Brazil's GDP comes from the countries assorted range of industries. 4% of workers are employed in the manufacturing sector and these people work in automobile, air craft, steel, petrochemicals other durable good factories. The LEDC has to import goods such as machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, and electronics for its industries. The Amazon rainforest is under threat from the increasing rate of deforestation. Most of the land deforested is being used by Brazil's industries. Trees in the rainforest, such as mahogany, have been cut down so they can be exported or used for construction or furniture making. Not all the plants cleared are used in the industries; some are wasted to make land for cattle ranches. These large cattle ranches usually have contracts with American fast food chains, so the restaurants can buy the beef cheaply. The Amazon rainforest also has the perfect temperature for growing tropical crops, so farmers use the forest land as pasture to grow sugar canes, soy beans, and coffee beans. The beef and crops can be exported to MEDCs as trade goods. The Amazonia is also rich in bauxite, rock containing aluminium, so there have been large mining operations. The aluminium are then extracted from the bauxite and then used in industries. Mr. Enriquez, Chief of the Trombetas Bauxite Mine explained that ‘the bauxite [they] mine is used in Brazil and sold to rich countries around the globe. It is used to make aluminium, which is used in aircrafts, production, soft drink cans and hundreds of other products. ‘ However, mining involves digging up the land and changing its landscape; it is to be expected that mining would ruin the soil and the plants in the Amazon. Mr Enriquez also said ‘However, it is inevitable that some rainforest will be destroyed in large scale extraction of raw materials. Mining of this kind is of vital national importance to the Brazilian economy. The sale pf bauxite and iron core brings billions into Brazil and creates hundreds of thousands of jobs. ‘ Although Mr. Enriquez is defending his organization, it is true that mining creates jobs, especially for unskilled people, and that it brings money into the country. Brazil is the fifth most populous country. Its growing population and those suffering under poverty are forced to live in favela, which are small, cramped houses with limited sewage and electricity made from scrap building materials. The government has made a new policy to provide land for homeless Brazilians to prevent shanty town conditions. The land provided comes from the clearings of Amazon rainforest. The people are expected to live in the forest and have deal with their own farm. Pedro, a pioneer settler, participated in the scheme because he was destitute. Although he was hoping for a reasonable life, Pedro was unable to continue living in the forest. He said â€Å"It is very remote in the forest and once I had cleared my land the soil fertility declined so growing crops is not easy. † Pedro was considering moving to the city like most work seekers. This shows that the government scheme was not success for everyone and that clearing away the land for homes was not a good idea because people had no knowledge on farming and trade. Amerindians are known as the first people who have used the Amazon Rainforest's raw materials. They live in houses called ‘malocas' and they are dependent on the rainforest resources. Amerindians use the method of shifting cultivation as a way of farming and living in the Amazon Rainforest, they live in one area of the forest and farm there until the fertility and production of the soil has declined, which can last for five years. The Amerindians then leave the area for another and continue farming there so the previous area can recover its fertility. Unfortunately, when the Europeans discovered the Amazon Rainforest and its resources, the Amerindians were in danger. A Tukano Indian explained that when the ‘outsides begun to destroy' the forest, their tribe had to go deeper into the forest for their own safety or give up their lifestyle to live on reservations. It is unethical to sacrifice the life of a whole community for land and profit, especially of a community that helped the forest as well depending on it, unlike companies which just extract resources. If the rate of deforestation continues, Amerindians would have to give up their way of life by either being killed in the process or by being forced to move. Brazil's organizations have to understand that deforestation comes with consequences. All ecosystems are delicate and each species of plant and animals depend on each other for food, shelter, reproduction and if one species is harmed than others will be harmed too like a water ripple. Deforestation directly affects trees in the Amazon rainforest. Cutting down and exporting trees can make some species of hardwood plants to be vulnerable to extinction, for example, mahogany is a popular timber used for furniture however if the deforestation continues, mahogany may become scarce. Logging also takes away the habitats of Amazon's animals, giving them a less chance of survival and killing them. Majority of Amazon's plants have not been discovered, so there may be a species of plant out there that can made into drugs to cure feared illnesses, such as Aids and cancer. Deforestation contributes directly and indirectly to extinction of thousands of unknown species. Deforestation also stops the humus/ nutrient cycle from continuing. Since the tree is taken down before it can die or shed leaves to decay, the decomposers do not have any dead matter to break down the so the nutrients taken from tree cannot be returned. As there will be fewer nutrients in the soil than before, the soil will become less fertile and the tree plants in the soil after will develop weaker than the initial tree. The weaker tree would then be broken down, and the process will repeat until the soil is too infertile to produce any vegetation. There would be no roots or plants to hold the roots together, which would cause increase in soil erosion. Soil erosion is the movement of soil, and deforestation can cause excessive erosion, because there are no plants or trees to protect the soil, and this process may cause flooding and then difficulty in farming as the landscape has changed and the water will be too saturated for some vegetation. Deforestation can also cause a more dramatic change, like desertification, if trees are being cut in a rapid rate. Like animals and humans, trees also respire as well as photosynthesize, so the pores of the leaves give out water vapour to the atmosphere, so with the decreasing number of trees, the lack of water vapour in the atmosphere can encourage desertification. Another effect of deforestation is global warming. Trees are the number one source of reducing carbon dioxide because they take it in for photosynthesis and produce less carbon dioxide for the reactions than they took in. Burning trees not stops the reduction of carbon dioxide, but it also contributes because some of the plants cut are burned. Burning trees release more carbon dioxide and contribute to global warming. Also, Amazonia is considered to be the source of over 20% of the world's oxygen, as product of photosynthesis, and the forest has been described as ‘lungs of the earth'. Therefore, deforestation indirectly causes an increase in pollution and decrease in oxygen. The problem of deforestation can be solved by using sustainable methods of extracting and educating both the companies and people about how delicate the ecosystem is. A sustainable method is one that satisfies the needs of the present population without compromising the need of the future generation. A common technique used to preserve ecosystems is by establishing National Parks and Forest Reserves to protect untouched part of the forest. These reserves may depend on both the government and charity and will make sure that the protected areas are kept as natural as possible while educating people about the importance of foliage in the rainforest. Laws on companies extracting raw materials from the Amazon rainforest must be made stricter than before. Logging grants should only be available to those who plant the same number of trees they cut down, which is a sustainable method, so there no loss in the number of trees. The timber trade companies should also be restricted by reducing trades of endangered plants. Also, any organizations that burn a large amount of trees should be warned that they must reduce the mass burnings so they do not contribute to global warming. Any companies that do not obey the law and does not help preserve the Amazon Rainforest should be heavily fined. If the government wants to continue their scheme to send dispossessed Brazilians to the forest, they should educate them about how to keep their soil fertile by keeping foliage and natural compost, so they will be able to manage a small farm. In conclusion, Amazon rainforest's location has caused to have a constantly hot climate with a wet and dry season. The rainforest is densely population with trees and other plants species and is home to around 50% of the world's animals and plants. The rainforest is a vital resource for plants that are used as drugs for serious illness like leukaemia. However, Brazil has been using the rainforest to extract raw materials for export, land for cattle ranch and to provide land for homeless Brazilians. These exports have caused Brazil to experience trade surpluses that help develop the country. Unfortunately, deforestation is affecting more than just Brazil. The rate of deforestation is contributing to global warming and taking away a huge source of oxygen and potential medical plants. The destruction of the Amazon Rainforest is not a price worth paying for Brazil's economic development because it is putting the earth in danger too. The only way to slow down the results deforestation is by sustainable methods such as planting back the trees and teaching people the importance of foliage.